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The eastern frontier of the Roman Empire – its network of roads, trade routes, towns and forts – is often conceived of as an “edge” of both empire and civilisation, but this “borderland” is also part of a rich cultural landscape. Our awareness and appreciation of these cultures has increased dramatically over the course of the last century. Scholarship has deepened, methods have advanced, and perspectives have shifted.

Across 20 chapters, Reframing the “Desert Frontier” offers new insights into the rich cultural history of this region through the re-examination of existing material – such as archives, historical accounts, and previous surveys – and through the use of novel archaeological approaches. The bringing together of different methodological approaches to the archaeology of the region in a single volume highlights synergies and offers important comparisons for archaeologists to consider.

This volume highlights the work of Emeritus Professor David Kennedy, whose contribution to the study of the Roman army, the archaeology of Jordan, and aerial archaeology has inspired and enhanced multiple projects that have reframed this so-called “desert frontier”.

Reframing the “Desert Frontier” encapsulates the enriched view of this ancient region generated by new techniques of survey and analysis, changed perspectives on older materials, a more intense engagement with the rural landscapes surrounding ancient towns, and the addition of new discoveries that alter previous consensus.

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Benefiting from recently catalogued archival materials, The Flip Side: Old China Hands and the American Popular Imagination, 1935–1985 evaluates the influence of an ensemble of well-known Americans born or bred in China – Pearl S. Buck, Henry R. Luce, Owen Lattimore and John Hersey – after their return to the United States of America.

The children of missionaries and others serving China, all contributed in significant ways to the globalisation of the American ideal in the 20th century, even as each sought in different roles – as publishers, as novelists, as scholars – to centre Chinese values and concerns in the anglophone public sphere. As Chinese ideas and values met the projection of American soft power and governmentality, a uniquely bilateral, global imaginary arose, wherein respect for China as an emerging force encountered Western reaction. For these “old China hands”, the return to the USA resulted in unique and differing sociocultural formations: Buck’s intersectional literary populism on behalf of “the Chinese people”; Henry R. Luce’s press internationalism; Lattimore’s “inner Asian” regional imaginaries; and Hersey’s China trilogy allegories. All were keen observers of and participants in international networks combining a diversity of China-based expertise and resources that continued to inform their everyday work at a great distance. Both public and private, these networks, onshore and off, enabled and energised their own advocacy that dared to imagine a Chinese future distinct from its colonial or semi-feudal past.

The Flip Side asserts that these American stakeholders occupied a transitional but crucial role in the rise of China in Western imagination, prior to China’s assertion of sovereignty over its own global role and message.